What do the “Four Horsemen” in Gottman’s theory represent?

The "Four Horsemen" in Gottman’s theory symbolize four negative communication patterns that significantly predict the likelihood of divorce. These patterns include criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. Each of these behaviors contributes to the deterioration of a relationship by fostering a toxic communication environment. For instance, criticism attacks the partner's character rather than addressing specific behaviors, contempt expresses disdain or disrespect, defensiveness allows one partner to avoid responsibility, and stonewalling entails emotionally withdrawing from the interaction.

Understanding these patterns is crucial for couples seeking to improve their relationship, as identifying and addressing these negative interactions can lead to healthier communication and more constructive conflict resolution. The focus on these four core behaviors provides a clear framework for therapists and couples alike to recognize and mitigate harmful dynamics within their relationships. Recognizing these negative patterns is the first step toward fostering more positive interactions and enhancing emotional intimacy.